The San Francisco 1989 Earthquake Essay Example For Students

The San Francisco 1989 Earthquake Essay The Loma Prieta EarthquakeOn Tuesday October 17, 1989 at 5:04 PM the Loma Prieta earthquake struck the San Francisco, Monterey Bay, and Silicon Valley areas. Those were no the only areas affected. Many areas up to 70 and 100 miles away could feel the tremble of the quake. The epicenter of the quake was in the Santa Cruz Mountains. The quake measured a magnitude of 7.1. The initial quake lasted 15 seconds. The USGS first thought the magnitude of the quake would be about 6.9 but it increased to 7.1. The quake destroyed many buildings and freeways. A section of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge collapsed. The power was out in many places and the telephone lines were out also. This was the first time the power had been out since the 1906 earthquake. The earthquake killed 68 people and injured 3,757 people. The cost of the quake was estimated at $6 to $7 billion dollars. The quake happened during the 1989 World Series. The San Francisco Giants were playing the Oakland Athletics. The match up was called the Bay Bridge World Series. The game was postponed for a month. They were playing at Candlestick Park. We will write a custom essay on The San Francisco 1989 Earthquake specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Airports were closed for inspection or repairs. Ceiling Tiles and broken glass were the main reason for the airports being closed. After a while the airports reopened and some local pilots helped fly emergency supplies to airports near the seriously damaged and in need areas. Roads were jammed with cars trying to get home or trying to get out of the earthquake area. The news media were desperate to get time on a satellite to broadcast their story to the rest of the world. People say that the media made the damaged areas look worse than they really were because they only focused on the bad areas and they got cities mixed up. Most people away from the center of the quake were only inconvenienced by the quake. They only had broken windows or broken pools. The insides of these peoples houses were a wreck. These people quickly recovered from the quake. The people closer to the center of the quake were not so fortunate. Some of these people lost all their belongings including their house. These people wouldnt get things back together for months or maybe even years. Damage and loss of life were reduced because of Californias strict building codes which required buildings to be strong enough to survive even larger quakes. Having the public educated in earthquake readiness helped a lot. The people knew how to react in a quake and how to save their own life and the lives of others. The fires that broke out after the initial quake were of even worse threat. There were at least 27 fires that broke out across the city. The citizens formed a bucket brigade to help the firefighters who were without water because of water main brakes. The fires were disastrous they burned down apartment buildings, shops and even the fire chiefs house in one city. Some people went looting in the downtown areas. The District Attorney said, If there is anyone arrested tonight for burglary or looting, tomorrow morning we are going to go into court and demand that there is no bail. Anyone engaged in that kind of conduct can expect maximum sentences. Some people were arrested for looting and they were severely penalized. The earthquake didnt only cause trouble for the San Francisco Bay area. It caused a four-foot tsunami wave in Monterey Bay as well as a huge undersea landslide. The sea level in Santa Cruz dropped three feet. The wave took 20 minuets to reach Monterey. .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b , .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b .postImageUrl , .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b , .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b:hover , .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b:visited , .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b:active { border:0!important; } .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b:active , .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf18eb1e72418b3f91a95bf65f3b48e8b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Voltaire EssayVice President Dan Quayle and his wife flew to San Diego to see the damage. The spent four hours there and didnt even make contact with the may who had been awake since the quake started. The mayor called the visit a cheap publicity stunt Our Vice President Al Gore did the same thing when he came to Cincinnati during our flood. Mr. Gore took his shoes and socks off and put his foot in the Ohio River. What was the point of that. Mr. Quayle said this after touring the area, Just walking through here and seeing the loss of property, knowing the loss of life, it hits you right here in the heart, and that is the reason Im here. Many people and companies and the Government helped the damaged city. They helped my donating food, supplies, the government signed a $3.45 billion earthquake relief package for California, railroad companies helped transport needed materials for repairing the freeways, people donated their time, construction companies helped rebuild buildings, companies all over the country donated the needed materials to rebuild the cities, and other countries donated doctors, geologists, and supplies. Bibliographyfor theLoma PrietaReportI got all my information from the Internet and the packet that the school got off the Internet. I didnt write down the web page addresses, but I do have the names of some of the pages.. KRON Online television Quake of 89 http://www.kron.com/specials/quake89/WWW Hot Topic: 5 years Ago: Loma Prieta EarthquakeThe Great Loma Prieta EarthquakeEarthquakes: Eyewitness accountsSeismological Society of AmericaUSGS United States Geological SurveyEQEABAGThose are the names and abbreviations of the sites and companies that I received information from. FACTS PAGEFacts about the Loma Prieta EarthquakeDate of Quake:October 17, 1989Time:5:04pmMagnitude:7.1Deaths:68Injuries:3,757Homes Damaged:23,408Homes Destroyed:1,018Businesses Damaged:3,530Business Destroyed:366Estimated Dollar Loss:$6 billion to $7 billionAftershocks:More than 7,000

Acid Deposition

Acid Deposition Introduction Nearly every element of within the periodic table has found its way into the atmosphere. As an ease when studying the element and there species composition of compounds in the atmosphere, Seinsfield and Pandis (21) suggest categorizing of the atmospheric compounds as containing halogens, sulfur, carbon or nitrogen.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Acid Deposition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Probably, this classification rides on the fact that emissions into the atmosphere breakdown from original compounds into component species before exiting the atmosphere in a cyclic phenomenon. Actually, the cyclic process of substances is contained in the biogeochemical cycle of elements. The scope of understanding the cyclic processes comprises atmospheric movement across Oceania, land terrains, biospheres, inter alia; chemical transitions (quantity and quality) of the substances and rates of circulatio n and transfer (Seinsfield and Pandis 21). The geographical paradigm gives this subject the spatial and temporal references, since the transportation aspect is a vector quantity that can be justified through a scalar quantity of time and direction. Mehta (124) explains that in 1852, Robert Angus Smith made-up the term acid rain. It was not until 1972, when the concept of acid rain became familiar in the western industrial world. The term referred to atmospheric acidity levels (at pH above 5.6) that surpass normal levels for rain, fog and smog. The precipitation (deposition) of these acidic concentrates impacted on ecosystems, antiquities and human health. Acid rain was traced back into the gradual Geo-biological processes within nature and accelerated volcanic emissions (Mehta 124). The problematic scope of acid deposition gained wider magnitude when it was realized that it evolved into a trans-boundary affair. It was revealed that there was mobility of precursor elements emitted fr om the industrial heartlands in Europe and North America.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Emissions containing precursors- sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen (referred to as NOX species) form the major bulk of acid rain. In order to effect solutions towards acid rain, a critical loads framework on emission cuts and ecosystem recovery was developed. Already, Europe has generated maps depicting critical loads. Driscoll, Lambert and Chen (28) note that in the US three forms of acid deposition have occurred. These are wet, dry and cloud or fog depositions. Through research, more than 200 sites have been monitored as experiencing wet deposition consisting of rain, snow, sleet and hail. Dry deposition consists of vapor, particles and gases. Some coastal areas and high altitudes have been exposed to dry and cloud deposition. Driscoll, Lambert and Chen (28) e xplain that the pattern of dry and cloud deposition widely varies spatially and temporally; thus, making it intricate to give consistent characteristics. Because dry and cloud deposition can accompany the other two deposition forms then researchers have resorted to bulk deposition measuring using open collector. Literature Review Tracking Acid Rain: The Case study of The Rust Belt, US Case Background The industrial heartlands of the US are located in the Rust Belt (Midwestern American). The Rust Belt extends into Canada within the Canadian Heartlands. EIR/LaRouche Youth Movement Economics Team (2006) describes the Rust Belt as covering Pennsylvania and New York (Western) this extends into Missouri. A quarter of the US populace resides within the industrial heartland. Mair et al. (361) indicate that heartland is at the center of a major transplant corridor for automobile manufacturers from the Asian and European world. These industrial plants were strategically located to give them a competitive advantage in production capacity and market supply. The interest of the Asian investors to set up automobile plants in the US was driven by the protectionist belief of cutting down their exports into America (Mair et al. 355).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Acid Deposition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mair et al (354) explains that the conceptual approach of the automobile plants was Just-in-Time to imply that the target was mass production to meet the demand within an area and the adjacent environs of America. Not only did the heartlands host automobile plants but also other electrical utilities and metal plants. While the metal plants are in the east; the automobile plants are in the west of the heartland. Heartlands greatly symbolize the economic capacity and industrial advancements achieved. Figure 1: Map of Heartland of North America Source: â€Å"The Industrial Heartland of North A merica† Lind (148) explains that long term rainfall data in the heartland area gave indications of acid rain. This has translated to heavy environmental damage. The extent of damage has contributed to a reduction in industrial development. This has translated into economic losses. In the far Northeast and outside the industrial heartland, the problem of acid rain continues to persist. Actually, about 33 percent of emissions causing acid rain in the down wind area (that is, far Northeast) traces back from the automobile sites in the Midwest (the source area). Lind (149) notes that economic factors have motivated the use of coal conversion and the combustion of sulfur containing coal. From an economic geography perspective, heartlands are tailored to receive raw inputs to facilitate industrial activities. Nevertheless, strategizing for the heartland location the risk regime and environmental impacts should be factored in. Lind (150) observes that effort to reach at a negotiated equitable solution between the source areas and the downwind areas have failed. Factors Contributing to Acid Rain Formation Acid rain has a set of preconditions that facilitate the formation process (Wang and Wang 2297). The concentration of the emitted precursor elements, compounds in rainfall, aerosols and their capacity to buffer and weather conditions are some of the contributory factors leading to acid formation.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 2: Conceptual Framework to Acid Rain Formation Figure 3: Acid Rain Cycle Source: Downing, Ramankutty and Shah (14) Airborne pollution due to release of Sulfur dioxide and NOX species is the primary source of precursor elements leading to acid rain. Once in the atmosphere, these pollutants undergo a chemical interaction with atmospheric water and oxygen (Downing, Ramankutty and Shah 13). In the presence of other atmospheric chemicals, sulfur dioxide and NOX species end up forming sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Emissions can remain within the atmosphere longer and a drift to far places prior to deposition on the surface. Prevailing winds play an important role in drifting the pollutants. Deposition of acid rain takes many forms such as dew, snow, fog, so on (Downing, Ramankutty and Shah 13). Use of fossil fuel, sulfur containing coal and biomass combustion is the common sources of acid rain precursor elements. Adverse effects of acid deposition include loss of forest cover th rough complex interactions, destruction of aquatic life and their ecosystems, loss of aesthetic value for monuments and cultural resources and human respiratory health risks Downing, Ramankutty and Shah 14). Emissions are released from large point sources like combustion plants were thought to have a localized impact. Increased concerns based on this premise led to the building of new facilities that have longer smokestacks, tailored to disperse the emission over a wider area. Large scale dispersion and distribution of acidification may be a regional concern. Acid Rain and Emission Cuts Milestone In the United States, the proportional release by factory processes, electric utilities and combustions are two-thirds, 15 percent and 9 percent, respectively (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 27). Moreover, automobiles account for over half of human related sources of nitrogen oxides. Electric utilities and combustion processes account for 22 percent and 14 percent of NOX emissions, respectively . In 2002, more than 50 percent of precursor elements release occurred in seven states within the Ohio River Valley (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 29). Five of these states dominate in the release of nitrogen oxides. The decline of air quality forms an indicator of adverse impacts of release of precursor elements. In 1973, the level of emission in the United States had highs of over 29 million metric tons, yearly. Within a period of twenty years since 1950 there has been a decline of over a half of sulfur dioxide due to the Amendments of the Clean Air Act (CAAA). In 2002, the emission levels were 13.9 million metric tons. In 1990, NOX species emissions had the highest toll at 22.7 million metric tons. In the following decade, emissions declined by 12 percent. NOX emission targets were set to decrease by almost 2 million tons within the specifics of the 1990 CAAA (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 27). Moreover, there are state initiatives meant to augment emission cuts locally (Driscoll, Lamb ert and Chen 230). There have been international efforts towards emission cuts. The first treaty meant for emissions cut came into place in 1985. The treaty was knowns as the Protocol on the Reduction of Sulfur Emissions. The emission cuts were set at 30 percent by 1993 vis-a-vis the 1980 levels (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 30). Further treaties set the cuts at 80 percent with reference to 1980 levels. Further treaties on emission cuts in the decade beginning in 1990; have led to declines of sulfur dioxide and NOX species at two-thirds and a third, respectively (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 30). The LRTAP Protocol of 1999 introduced the concept of critical loads that led to the development of critical load maps within the European context. Analysis Figure 4: 1.0 Trends in Emission of Acid Rain Source: National Science and Technology Council (18) Figure 5: Trends in the Deposition of Acid Rain Source: Likens (19) Hubbard Brook Experimental Station The United States Department of Agric ulture Forest Service established the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest as a long-term research station on ecological studies. The research site is found in the White Mountains in New Hampshire. Research interests in the station were composition and profile of the forest, disturbance reflex and aquatic ecosystems. Hubbard Brook gained prominence across North America as the first to experience acidic deposition. Effects of acid deposition at Hubbard Brook reflect a forest ecosystem sensitive to acid inputs (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 32). Over time, experimental activities and measurements regarding acid deposition and the aftermath on the ecosystem have been the dominant focal at the Hubbard Brook. The lowering of sulfate concentration in rainfall has correlated with the rise in pH. Hubbard Brook has a long term inventory on precipitation chemistry. Over time precipitation records include bulk deposition date back to mid-1960s and wet deposition at the latter years of the 1970s (Dri scoll, Lambert and Chen 32). Conclusion made from the findings showed greater association between pollutant release levels of the precursor and the sulfur based acid deposition at the Hubbard Brook. It is thought that emission cuts at the source area would reflect linearly declines in sulfate deposition. The eastern United States has provided a clear indication of the association between emission of precursor elements and the wet deposition. Over time in the period between 1984 -1986 to 2002-2004 high sulfate depositions has declined significantly in the eastern United States (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 33). The scenario of acid deposition reduction experience reflects the emission cuts targets entrenched in the 1990 CAAA. Levels of nitrate or ammonium deposition have varied marginally at the forest station since 1963. Bulk deposition at down wind areas at Hubbard Brook has shown a direct association with the source area’s nitrogen oxide emission (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 3 4). Nevertheless, the association is feeble compared to sulfate. Inventories of nitrate emissions and the bulk deposition at the Hubbard Brook have had minimal change since experiments began in 1963. The results of measurement generated at the Hubbard brook have reflected results obtained elsewhere in the eastern United States (Driscoll, Lambert and Chen 34). Figure 6: Distribution Pattern for Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (in 1996) Source: The Adirondack Council (13) Figure 7: Distribution Pattern for Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (in 1996) Source: The Adirondack Council (13) Approaches to Acid Rain Abatement The Act on Clean Air gave the preference to market approaches towards sulfur dioxide emission cuts. Industrial plants were supposed to adopt and obtain allowances from the emission cuts programs. The market approach provides plants experiencing high emission scales opportunity to purchase sulfur dioxide credits from their counterparts whose emission costs are marginally lower. This ap proach has cost savings implications. In contrast, use of the command-control approach proposed through environmental regulations may not amount to the same. Moreover, there are econometric functions within the market approach intended to measure the performance of sulfur dioxide allowance. Assessing the level of cost (whether rising or falling) provides the indicator on performance emission cuts. On these bases, those plants that volunteer to use low-sulfur coal as an emissions-cut strategy, then the overhaul of the technology and decline in prices of sulfur containing coal have demonstrated the reduction in the marginal reduction of costs by more than half since 1985. This forms the main bases for reducing cost other than trading. The strength of allowance approach is the cost savings of up to US$ 800 million annually. The command and control approach relies on public awareness and the establishing of an obligatory flat rate of emissions. While it is imperative to consider the gai ns made by the market approach vis-a-vis the command-control; there is need not to lose sight of the overall necessity is not commercializing the whole affair but sustaining the health of the ambient atmosphere. The doubling of the two approaches to emission cuts may lead more effective results other than taunting of one. Arguably, market approach may be the only acceptable within a particular jurisdictional area. The fact that emissions and depositions drift from the source areas makes the sense that command control approach is more applicable for trans-boundary settlements on emission cuts. Conclusion There are categories provided for atmospheric compounds. Sulfur and nitrogen species are among the four categories. Emissions have led to cyclic atmospheric processes for nitrogen and sulfur pollutants. This has been described in the biogeochemical cycle. The impact cyclic processes have traversed terrains and water masses. This means acid rain has a spatial and temporal perspective to it. Acid rain was first conceived by an English Chemist, but the concept earned popularity after twenty years. This implies that the adverse impacts of acid deposition were not immediately perceivable thus the quality of the ambient environment is relative to placement and time. Acid rain has shown the ability to replicate the problem as well as traverse the space. Nevertheless, this property of the acid rain and its precursors makes it difficult to particulaandr opt for one of the emission cut strategy (market or command-control approaches). This is evident in the failure to reach at an amicable solution towards emission from the mid-eastern of North America source area and downwind in the Far East of the country. Based on the study argument most of the effort present alternative solutions towards reducing the amount of sulfur dioxide emitted to the air rather than absolute zero emissions. The market approach considered as a preferable fails to campaign directly for zero emissio n of precursors but rather lower. Anecdotally, with the increasing establishment of more industrial plants the intensity of release may be low but the number sources increases translate to escalation of emission of precursors. The role of the Hubbard Brook experimental outcomes is a clear indication that acid rain has a biogeochemical cycle. This puts the source and the downwind as important players towards providing solutions towards the acid rain phenomenon. Actually, the drifting of acid deposition indicates that a porous solution towards an environmental problem can lead transferred to a second party. Providing longer smokestacks for releasing smoke implies that the environment at the troposphere is constantly mobile and that the atmosphere is constantly circulating and exchanging matter across the space. In other words, the solutions towards the acid rain may not be transferring the emissions into the outer space but getting robust strategies to avoid the release of precursors at the source points. Solutions to the problem begin with the technologies applied in utilizing raw resources. In addition, industry players should be prepared to embrace technology transfer for the common good. The market approach demonstrates that players in the same industry can participate in distributing and sharing an environmental problem resulting in significant reduction of emissions. In the same vain technologies that prove workable towards lowering emissions can be shared as a way of corporate social responsibility, particularly in mitigating problems arising from emission release. The market approach demonstrates that solutions to most environmental problems are best tackled through integrated approaches than independent players taking individual actions. It is evident that corporate leaders have dominated in the technology front and have the capacity to institute emissions cuts with ease compared to small scale players. Thus, certain calls for emission cuts may not have an equal impact within the same industry. The Adirondack Council 1998, Acid Rain: A Continuing National Tragedy. PDF file. 10 Dec. 2012. https://www.adirondackcouncil.org/vs-uploads/docs/1354059160_acrapub.pdf. Downing, Robert, Ramesh Ramankutty and Jitendra Shah. RAINS-ASIA: An Assessment Model for Acid Deposition in Asia, Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1997. Web. Driscoll, Charles, Kathy Lambert and Limin Chen. â€Å"Acidic Deposition: Sources and Ecological Effects.† Acid in the Environment: Lessons Learned and Future Prospects. Ed. G. Visgilio D. Whitelaw. USA: Springer, 2007. 27-58. Web. EIR/LaRouche Youth Movement Economics Team 2006, Retool Auto To Save U.S. Industrial Heartland. PDF file. 10 Dec. 2012. https://larouchepub.com/eiw/public/2006/eirv33n16-20060421/eirv33n16-20060421_024-economic_geography_retool_auto_t.pdf. Likens, E. 1994, Human-Accelerated Environmental Change – An Ecologist’s View. PDF file. 10 Dec. 2012. https://www.murdoch.edu.au/ . Lind, Douglas 1981. Umbrella Equities: Use of the Federal Common Law of Nuisance to Catch the Fall of Acid Rain. PDF file. Web. Mair, Andrew, Richardd Florida and Martin Kenney. â€Å"The New Geography of Automobiles Production: Japanese Transplants in North America.† Economic Geography. 64.4 (1988): 352-373. JSTOR. Web. Mehta, Prashant. â€Å"Science behind Acid Rain: Analysis of Its Impacts and Advantages on Life and Heritage Structures.† South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage. 3 (2010): 123-132. South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage. Web. National Science and Technology Council 2005, National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report to Congress: An Intergrated Assessment. PDF file. 10 Dec. 2012. https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/aqrsd/reports/napapreport05.pdf. Seinsfield, John and Spyros Pandis. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, USA: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Web. â€Å"The Industrial Heartland of North America† n.d. JPEG file. 10 Dec. 2012 https://theelectoralmap.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/04-14-rust-belt2.jpg. Wang, Wenxing and Tao Wang. â€Å"On The Origin And The Trend Of Acid Precipitation In China.† Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 85 (1995): 2295-2300. Springer. Web.

THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES POSED BY SOCIAL MEDIA FOR DESTINATION Research Paper

THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES POSED BY SOCIAL MEDIA FOR DESTINATION MARKETING - Research Paper Example This new and renewed focus on the tourism therefore also requires a new and fresh approach for tourism destination marketing as an essential and critical component of the overall process. This has also required the marketers to take a very strategic approach towards the destination marketing and design and develop their strategies in such a manner which can optimize the use of the resource. Social media has recently emerged as one of the key trends in the information technology market wherein connecting people through web has become a new norm. Social media however, also presented an opportunity for marketing by using the social networking websites such as Facebook and Twitter. This paper will present a review of how the social media can actually have an impact on the destination marketing, what challenges and opportunities it presents and how marketers can actually take advantage of this new and emerging trend in the market. Destination Marketing Destination marketing is a relativel y new and unique concept outlining as to how the destination marketers can actually take a more robust and strategic view of the destination marketing and use it for strategic purposes. This view is considered as in-line with the mainstream marketing which is managed as a strategic business planning tool to achieve the overall business objectives. Destination marketing therefore is also viewed as a market oriented strategic approach to develop the locations in such a manner that they take into consideration the overall interests of the customers while at the same time balancing the requirements and interests of other stakeholder groups in the community also. (Blumberg, 2005) This approach to destination marketing therefore views this as a very conscious and thoughtful process which requires a commitment of time and resources to develop and build the locations in such a manner that they can reflect the overall market sentiments. What is however, different for the destination marketer s is their inability to control the product because of the overall nature of the product they are marketing. This therefore also offers them an insight into how to tap the target market in order to ensure that the location attracts the people who are willing to visit it and spend there. This change or shift from the traditional marketing concepts where more focus is being given on the product, destination marketers will have to face a dual challenge of balancing the act between the product and the target market for the product. The focus on the target market is also based on the assumption that different individuals prefer different locations due to different reasons. In order to tap into the different niches which the differences in the choices of the consumers can offer therefore require an strong focus on the target market and how it behave and react to different changes taking place in the marketing. Since in destination marketing, marketers often do not control the product dire ctly therefore this leaves a little room for them to actually modify or change the product but rather use its existing attributes to attract the target market. As such marketers therefore often tend to create a kind of experience which can develop the customer satisfaction and can generate the repeat customers. This is because of the fact that the destinations offer different and unique experiences and each one have their own strengths and

Fianance enterpreship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Fianance enterpreship - Essay Example The financial manager of the company tries to strike a balance between debt and equity with the aim of maximization of firm value and minimization of cost. It has been seen that the managers are biased in favour of debt owing to the tax benefits associated with debt financing. The interest paid on borrowings is a tax deductible expense. This is the reason the managers prefer debt over equity as it reduces the outflow of the business. However, an excessive reliance on debt is not in the financial interest of the company. An ideal mix of debt and equity is essential. There are various theories on capital structure such as pecking order theory, signalling theory, agency theory, trade-off theory, signalling theory etc. As per the pecking order theory the firm should rely mainly on the internal means of financing like retained earnings. This theory gives credence to retained earnings over the issue of equity. In the event of additional funds requirement the debt mode of funding is preferr ed. The equity issue is used only as a last resort. The main reason for the preference of debt over equity is the lower information costs associated with this mode of funding (Zhao, et al., 2004). The static trade off theory states that the firms try to strike a balance between the benefits associated with interest tax shield and the probability of bankruptcy and failure. The firms with strong cash flows can afford to have high levels of debt as they are assured of fixed future cash flows. But the small sized firms or nascent business firms with limited free cash flows must not use high levels of debt in their capital base. As per the agency theory the managers handle the affairs of the company on the behalf of the company shareholders. This gives rise to agency problems. As the reins of management of the company passes onto the managers and does not remain in the hands of its ‘actual’ owners it gives rise to conflict of interest. It is said that there is a misalignment of the objectives. The managers of the company are accused of investing in risky or unprofitable business ventures instead of passing on the surplus cash flows to the owners (Boodhoo, 2009). On the other hand there is also a view that the shareholders intervene in the smooth functioning of the business which often forces the company to forego lucrative business opportunities. The signalling theory of capital structure suggests that the issue of equity is based on the prevailing market conditions. Suppose the management of the company is of the view that the shares of the company are overpriced then it can resort to the issue of equity. This will help the company in raising higher proceeds from the issue of equity. On the other hand if the managers of the company are of the view that the market has failed to price the shares of the company correctly then it can opt for the debt mode of financing. If the shares of the company are underpriced then it is not feasible to issue equity as this would mean lesser proceeds. It will not just limit the amount of funds raised but will also lead to unnecessary dilution of ownership which is not in the interest of the company from the long term perspective. The financing decisions of a company are influenced by the above theories and views. However the financial managers in a company are biased towards issue of debt owing to the inherent benefits of debt issue. The

Nature of globalization Essay Example for Free

Nature of globalization Essay Globalization is a term used to explain the new era just like we learn about different periods such as stone age. It entails that people around the world are more connected to one another than ever before in terms of †¢ Information flow through sophisticated means unlike in early ages where messengers and drum beating was used for communication. †¢ Money transfers and goods transportation is quicker and efficient all over the world. Goods and services produced in one part of the world are necessarily available in all parts of the world. †¢ International travel is more convenient and faster than ever. (Martin, 2004) All this changes have been as a result of advance in technology, basically the computer. This is what has enabled globalization. Globalization can be found in five different areas; economic, cultural, political, religious and social systems. Globalization therefore, can be understood as the tendency or the process of businesses, technologies or philosophies to spread throughout the world. Nature of globalization Globalization is something that is very new in the world. For the last 30 years, there was no much discoveries in computer technology although there were computers and they were only used in the developed countries. This is why we cannot say there was globalization since globalization simply means making the world a â€Å"global village† in that every information and services are available and accessible to all the people around the globe just as it is in a small village. The idea of globalization has made it possible to harmonize the cultures of people all over the world. That is because people are able to carry out businesses across boundaries without traveling, using different currencies, making instant payment and in developed countries they use a common currency for example the Euro that is used all over Europe and the US dollar that is used by many countries. It is possible therefore, that the whole world will in future be using one common currency. This is what is referred to as economic globalization. According to Sachs (2005) technology in information has made transfer of information and especially educational information to be available across the globe. This is what has brought the idea of e-learning through the Internet. The changes in culture of the people is being felt especially in the African societies which had very stronghold in their traditions but today this has little or no influence on peoples ways of life especially in the young generation, for example changes in sexual inequality. This is as a result of globalization, people copy the lifestyles or cultures of others from the developed countries due to interaction, travels and high speed information transfer. For this same reason people are able to change their religious believes because the gospel has taken a new line, i. e. it is global reaching every corner of the globe. Conclusion When we talk of globalization we definitely have to think about the major participants in this idea. The United States dominates in this global traffic in information and ideas. (www. globalpolicy. org) The American music, movies, television and software’s are so dominant , so sought after by everybody and so visible that they are now available in every corner of the earth, including the developing countries in sub-Sahara Africa. References Raskin. P. T(2002), The Great Transition Boston Tellus Institute p31-42. Alex MacGillirray (2006) A Brief History of Globalization. New York. p122-127. Sachs,T. (2005), The end Poverty New York p 13-23 Martin, W. (2004), why globalization works, New York: Yale University Press, pg 210-235 Global policies, Available from, www. globalpolicy. org (Retrieved December 14, 2007) What is globalization, Available from, www. globalisation101. org (Retrieved December 14, 2007)

Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton :: American History

Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton: Who was more important in American history?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton were two very important figures in American history but Jefferson was the more influential and profound one of the two rivals. Jefferson was the principal author of the most important document in US history, the Declaration of Independence. He doubled the size of the young nation with the purchase of Louisiana during his presidency. During his lifetime, Jefferson also made many achievements and contributions, based on his strong beliefs, towards the growth and protection of the United States. Of all his accomplishments, the Declaration of Independence was his most defining event for it asserted the USA's independence from Britain and defended revolting against the government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of all the Founding Fathers, Jefferson had the strongest belief in liberty of the people for he thought that all people were entitled to liberty and laws that do not protect it are illegitimate. He took his unique view on liberty and the rights of the people and converted much of it onto paper which was eventually made into the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson defended his role in the creation of the defining document of the United States very proudly but this would not be his last great achievement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of Thomas Jefferson's finest accomplishments while he was president was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. This acquisition of land doubled the nation's size and helped fulfil the demands for western expansion, also making the US closer to completing their Manifest Destiny. Jefferson then financed the Lewis and Clark expedition which in turn gave Americans first knowledge of this vast land of rich resources. Jefferson's influence in shaping the country did not stop there for he made several other admirable deeds in his lifetime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jefferson left a permanent legacy in American history through all his books, inventions, philosophies, and political achievments. With his and James Madison's efforts, Virginia became the first state to completely separate church from state and drafted the Virginia statute for religious freedom. Jefferson's vision of a republican society was planted in Virginia through it's political, educational, and legal systems which would eventually be a model to America and Europe. Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton :: American History Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton: Who was more important in American history?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton were two very important figures in American history but Jefferson was the more influential and profound one of the two rivals. Jefferson was the principal author of the most important document in US history, the Declaration of Independence. He doubled the size of the young nation with the purchase of Louisiana during his presidency. During his lifetime, Jefferson also made many achievements and contributions, based on his strong beliefs, towards the growth and protection of the United States. Of all his accomplishments, the Declaration of Independence was his most defining event for it asserted the USA's independence from Britain and defended revolting against the government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of all the Founding Fathers, Jefferson had the strongest belief in liberty of the people for he thought that all people were entitled to liberty and laws that do not protect it are illegitimate. He took his unique view on liberty and the rights of the people and converted much of it onto paper which was eventually made into the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson defended his role in the creation of the defining document of the United States very proudly but this would not be his last great achievement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of Thomas Jefferson's finest accomplishments while he was president was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. This acquisition of land doubled the nation's size and helped fulfil the demands for western expansion, also making the US closer to completing their Manifest Destiny. Jefferson then financed the Lewis and Clark expedition which in turn gave Americans first knowledge of this vast land of rich resources. Jefferson's influence in shaping the country did not stop there for he made several other admirable deeds in his lifetime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jefferson left a permanent legacy in American history through all his books, inventions, philosophies, and political achievments. With his and James Madison's efforts, Virginia became the first state to completely separate church from state and drafted the Virginia statute for religious freedom. Jefferson's vision of a republican society was planted in Virginia through it's political, educational, and legal systems which would eventually be a model to America and Europe.

A Literary Analysis to Shitty First Drafts Essay

Writing does not always come out naturally for neither inexperience nor experience writers. In shitty first drafts, the talented author, Anne Lamott changes the misconception that writing comes out naturally for a professional writer. Lamontt also address the common problems that all writers encounter when writing while providing the reader with advice to get past their problems when writing. Lamott states â€Å"The right words and sentences just do not come pouring out like ticker tape most of the time for writers.† People have this unreasonable perspective that experienced writers do not have any problems when it comes to writing or that experienced writers can just sit down and write a perfect draft. However, experienced writers do go through the common motion, such as not knowing where to start or where to write more than one rough draft. Even though, experienced writers go through the common motion listed above, they do not allow those common motions to defeat them, besides that is what makes them professional writers. A child like draft is a rough draft which the writer can just write freely and write about anything that comes to mind. Lamott states â€Å" The first draft is the child’s draft, where you let it all pour out and let it romp all over the place, Knowing that no one is going to see it and that you can shape it later.† A child like draft consists of fragment sentences, run on, misspelling, and many other in corrections. A writer should never be ashamed of their child like draft because it helps create new ideas. If the writer does not have a clue on how to start their writing, it helps the writer see what fits the topic and what does not and prepares the writer for the final draft. Internal and external distractions are common problems that writer experience when writing; these distractions can come in many form such as a cell phone, T.V, useless thoughts, and even people. Distractions whether internal or external prevent someone from focusing on their preparation for writing their assignment. To avoid being overwhelmed by distractions whether internal or external someone must disregard the things that are not beneficial to their writing, even if it means finding a secluded place to write. Furthermore, writers must keep in mind that there are going to be temporary problems in their writing process and that these problems can be conquered. Writer should never allow these problems to put their writing on a halt, but if these problems do then writer should implement the advice that is found in shitty first drafts.