Nature of globalization Essay Example for Free

Nature of globalization Essay Globalization is a term used to explain the new era just like we learn about different periods such as stone age. It entails that people around the world are more connected to one another than ever before in terms of †¢ Information flow through sophisticated means unlike in early ages where messengers and drum beating was used for communication. †¢ Money transfers and goods transportation is quicker and efficient all over the world. Goods and services produced in one part of the world are necessarily available in all parts of the world. †¢ International travel is more convenient and faster than ever. (Martin, 2004) All this changes have been as a result of advance in technology, basically the computer. This is what has enabled globalization. Globalization can be found in five different areas; economic, cultural, political, religious and social systems. Globalization therefore, can be understood as the tendency or the process of businesses, technologies or philosophies to spread throughout the world. Nature of globalization Globalization is something that is very new in the world. For the last 30 years, there was no much discoveries in computer technology although there were computers and they were only used in the developed countries. This is why we cannot say there was globalization since globalization simply means making the world a â€Å"global village† in that every information and services are available and accessible to all the people around the globe just as it is in a small village. The idea of globalization has made it possible to harmonize the cultures of people all over the world. That is because people are able to carry out businesses across boundaries without traveling, using different currencies, making instant payment and in developed countries they use a common currency for example the Euro that is used all over Europe and the US dollar that is used by many countries. It is possible therefore, that the whole world will in future be using one common currency. This is what is referred to as economic globalization. According to Sachs (2005) technology in information has made transfer of information and especially educational information to be available across the globe. This is what has brought the idea of e-learning through the Internet. The changes in culture of the people is being felt especially in the African societies which had very stronghold in their traditions but today this has little or no influence on peoples ways of life especially in the young generation, for example changes in sexual inequality. This is as a result of globalization, people copy the lifestyles or cultures of others from the developed countries due to interaction, travels and high speed information transfer. For this same reason people are able to change their religious believes because the gospel has taken a new line, i. e. it is global reaching every corner of the globe. Conclusion When we talk of globalization we definitely have to think about the major participants in this idea. The United States dominates in this global traffic in information and ideas. (www. globalpolicy. org) The American music, movies, television and software’s are so dominant , so sought after by everybody and so visible that they are now available in every corner of the earth, including the developing countries in sub-Sahara Africa. References Raskin. P. T(2002), The Great Transition Boston Tellus Institute p31-42. Alex MacGillirray (2006) A Brief History of Globalization. New York. p122-127. Sachs,T. (2005), The end Poverty New York p 13-23 Martin, W. (2004), why globalization works, New York: Yale University Press, pg 210-235 Global policies, Available from, www. globalpolicy. org (Retrieved December 14, 2007) What is globalization, Available from, www. globalisation101. org (Retrieved December 14, 2007)

Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton :: American History

Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton: Who was more important in American history?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton were two very important figures in American history but Jefferson was the more influential and profound one of the two rivals. Jefferson was the principal author of the most important document in US history, the Declaration of Independence. He doubled the size of the young nation with the purchase of Louisiana during his presidency. During his lifetime, Jefferson also made many achievements and contributions, based on his strong beliefs, towards the growth and protection of the United States. Of all his accomplishments, the Declaration of Independence was his most defining event for it asserted the USA's independence from Britain and defended revolting against the government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of all the Founding Fathers, Jefferson had the strongest belief in liberty of the people for he thought that all people were entitled to liberty and laws that do not protect it are illegitimate. He took his unique view on liberty and the rights of the people and converted much of it onto paper which was eventually made into the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson defended his role in the creation of the defining document of the United States very proudly but this would not be his last great achievement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of Thomas Jefferson's finest accomplishments while he was president was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. This acquisition of land doubled the nation's size and helped fulfil the demands for western expansion, also making the US closer to completing their Manifest Destiny. Jefferson then financed the Lewis and Clark expedition which in turn gave Americans first knowledge of this vast land of rich resources. Jefferson's influence in shaping the country did not stop there for he made several other admirable deeds in his lifetime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jefferson left a permanent legacy in American history through all his books, inventions, philosophies, and political achievments. With his and James Madison's efforts, Virginia became the first state to completely separate church from state and drafted the Virginia statute for religious freedom. Jefferson's vision of a republican society was planted in Virginia through it's political, educational, and legal systems which would eventually be a model to America and Europe. Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton :: American History Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton: Who was more important in American history?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton were two very important figures in American history but Jefferson was the more influential and profound one of the two rivals. Jefferson was the principal author of the most important document in US history, the Declaration of Independence. He doubled the size of the young nation with the purchase of Louisiana during his presidency. During his lifetime, Jefferson also made many achievements and contributions, based on his strong beliefs, towards the growth and protection of the United States. Of all his accomplishments, the Declaration of Independence was his most defining event for it asserted the USA's independence from Britain and defended revolting against the government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of all the Founding Fathers, Jefferson had the strongest belief in liberty of the people for he thought that all people were entitled to liberty and laws that do not protect it are illegitimate. He took his unique view on liberty and the rights of the people and converted much of it onto paper which was eventually made into the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson defended his role in the creation of the defining document of the United States very proudly but this would not be his last great achievement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of Thomas Jefferson's finest accomplishments while he was president was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. This acquisition of land doubled the nation's size and helped fulfil the demands for western expansion, also making the US closer to completing their Manifest Destiny. Jefferson then financed the Lewis and Clark expedition which in turn gave Americans first knowledge of this vast land of rich resources. Jefferson's influence in shaping the country did not stop there for he made several other admirable deeds in his lifetime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jefferson left a permanent legacy in American history through all his books, inventions, philosophies, and political achievments. With his and James Madison's efforts, Virginia became the first state to completely separate church from state and drafted the Virginia statute for religious freedom. Jefferson's vision of a republican society was planted in Virginia through it's political, educational, and legal systems which would eventually be a model to America and Europe.

A Literary Analysis to Shitty First Drafts Essay

Writing does not always come out naturally for neither inexperience nor experience writers. In shitty first drafts, the talented author, Anne Lamott changes the misconception that writing comes out naturally for a professional writer. Lamontt also address the common problems that all writers encounter when writing while providing the reader with advice to get past their problems when writing. Lamott states â€Å"The right words and sentences just do not come pouring out like ticker tape most of the time for writers.† People have this unreasonable perspective that experienced writers do not have any problems when it comes to writing or that experienced writers can just sit down and write a perfect draft. However, experienced writers do go through the common motion, such as not knowing where to start or where to write more than one rough draft. Even though, experienced writers go through the common motion listed above, they do not allow those common motions to defeat them, besides that is what makes them professional writers. A child like draft is a rough draft which the writer can just write freely and write about anything that comes to mind. Lamott states â€Å" The first draft is the child’s draft, where you let it all pour out and let it romp all over the place, Knowing that no one is going to see it and that you can shape it later.† A child like draft consists of fragment sentences, run on, misspelling, and many other in corrections. A writer should never be ashamed of their child like draft because it helps create new ideas. If the writer does not have a clue on how to start their writing, it helps the writer see what fits the topic and what does not and prepares the writer for the final draft. Internal and external distractions are common problems that writer experience when writing; these distractions can come in many form such as a cell phone, T.V, useless thoughts, and even people. Distractions whether internal or external prevent someone from focusing on their preparation for writing their assignment. To avoid being overwhelmed by distractions whether internal or external someone must disregard the things that are not beneficial to their writing, even if it means finding a secluded place to write. Furthermore, writers must keep in mind that there are going to be temporary problems in their writing process and that these problems can be conquered. Writer should never allow these problems to put their writing on a halt, but if these problems do then writer should implement the advice that is found in shitty first drafts.

Horatius at the Bridge by Thomas Babington Macaulay

An esteemed army officer in the ancient Roman Republic, Horatius Cocles lived in a legendary period of Rome during the late sixth century.  Horatius was known for defending one of Romes most famous bridges, the Pons Sublicius, during the war between Rome and Clusium.  The heroic leader was known for fighting against Etruscan invaders such as Lars Porsena and his invading army.  Horatius was known as a courageous and brave leader of the Roman army. Thomas Babington McAulay The poet  Thomas Babington McAulay  is also known as a politician, essayist, and  historian.  Born in England in 1800, he wrote one of his first poems at the age of eight called The Battle of Cheviot. Macaulay went on to college where he began to have his essays published prior to a career in politics.  He was best known for his work in History of England covering the period 1688–1702. Macaulay died in 1859 in London. Summary The story of Horatius is described in Plutarchs Life of Publicola. In the early 6th century BCE, Lars Porsena was the most powerful king in Etruscan Italy, who Tarquinius Superbus asked to help him take back Rome. Porsena sent a message to Rome saying they should receive Tarquin as their king, and when the Romans refused, he declared war on them. Publicola was the consul of Rome, and he and Lucretius defended Rome until they fell in battle. Horatius Cocles (Cyclops, so named because he had lost one of his eyes in the wars) was the keeper of the Gate of Rome. He stood in front of the bridge and held off the Etruscans until the Romans could put the bridge out of commission. Once that was accomplished, Horatius, wounded by a spear to his buttocks and in full armor, dove into the water and swam back to Rome.   Horatius was forced to retire as a result of his injuries and, after a protracted siege of the city, Lars Porsena captured Rome, but without sacking it. Tarquinius Superbus was to be the last of the kings of Rome. Macaulay's Horatius at the Bridge The following poem by Thomas Babington Macaulay is a memorable ballad that recounts the courage of Horatius Cocles in his battle with the Roman army against the Etruscans. Lars Porsena  of Clusium, by the Nine Gods he sworeThat the great house of  Tarquin  should suffer wrong no more.By the Nine Gods he swore it, and named a trysting day,And bade his messengers ride forth,East and West and South and North,To summon his array.East and West and South and North the messengers ride fast,And tower and town and cottage have heard the trumpets blast.Shame on the false  Etruscan  who lingers in his home,When Porsena of Clusium is on the march for  Rome! The horsemen and the footmen are pouring in amainFrom many a stately market-place, from many a fruitful plain;From many a lonely hamlet which, hid by beech and pineLike an eagles nest hangs on the crest of purple Apennine;From lordly Volaterrae, where scowls the far-famed holdPiled by the hands of giants for god-like kings of old;From sea-girt  Populonia, whose sentinels descrySardinias snowy mountain-tops fringing the southern sky;From the proud mart of Pisae, queen of the western waves,Where ride Massilias triremes, heavy with fair-haired slaves;From where sweet Clanis wanders through corn and vines and flowers;From where Cortona lifts to heaven her diadem of towers.Tall are the oaks whose acorns drop in dark Ausers rill;Fat are the stags that champ the boughs of the Ciminian hill;Beyond all streams Clitumnus is to the herdsman dear;Best of all pools the fowler loves the great Volsinian mere. But now no stroke of woodman is heard by Ausers rill;No hunter tracks the stags green path up the Ciminian hill;Unwatched along Clitumnus grazes the milk-white steer;Unharmed the water fowl may dip in the Volsinian mere.The harvests of Arretium, this year, old men shall reap;This year, young boys in Umbro shall plunge the struggling sheep;And in the vats of Luna, this year, the must shall foamRound the white feet of laughing girls whose sires have marched to Rome.   There be thirty chosen prophets, the wisest of the land,Who always by Lars Porsena both morn and evening stand:Evening and morn the Thirty have turned the verses oer,Traced from the right on linen white by mighty seers of yore;And with one voice the Thirty have their glad answer given:Go forth, go forth, Lars Porsena! Go forth, beloved of Heaven!Go, and return in glory to Clusiums round dome,And hang round Nurscias altars the golden shields of Rome.And now hath every city sent up her tale of men;The foot are fourscore thousand; the horse are thousands ten.Before the gates of Sutrium is met the great array.A proud man was Lars Porsena upon the trysting day.For all the Tuscan armies were ranged beneath his eye,And many a banished  Roman, and many a stout ally;And with a mighty following to join the muster cameThe Tusculan Mamilius, Prince of the Latian name.But by the yellow Tiber was tumult and affright:From all the spacious champaign to Rome men took their flight.A mile around the city the throng stopped up the ways:A fearful sight it was to see through two long nights and daysFor aged folks on crutches, and women great with child,And mothers sobbing over babes that clung to them and smiled. And sick men borne in litters high on the necks of slaves,And troops of sun-burned husbandmen with reaping-hooks and staves,And droves of mules and asses laden with skins of wine,And endless flocks of goats and sheep, and endless herds of kine,And endless trains of wagons that creaked beneath the weightOf corn-sacks and of household goods choked every roaring gate.Now, from the  rock Tarpeian, could the wan burghers spyThe line of blazing villages red in the midnight sky.The Fathers of the City, they sat all night and day,For every hour some horseman came with tidings of dismay.To eastward and to westward have spread the Tuscan bands;Nor house, nor fence, nor dovecote in Crustumerium stands.Verbenna down to Ostia hath wasted all the plain;Astur hath stormed Janiculum, and the stout guards are slain. I wis, in all the Senate, there was no heart so bold,But sore it ached, and fast it beat, when that ill news was told.Forthwith up rose the Consul, up rose the Fathers all;In haste they girded up their gowns and hied them to the wall.They held a council standing before the River-Gate;Short time was there, ye well may guess, for musing or debate.Out spake the Consul roundly: The bridge must straight go down;For since Janiculum is lost, naught else can save the town...Just then, a scout came flying, all wild with haste and fear:To arms! To arms, Sir Consul! Lars Porsena is here!On the low hills to westward the Consul fixed his eye,And saw the swarthy storm of dust rise fast along the sky,And nearer fast and nearer doth the red whirlwind come;And louder still and still more loud, from underneath that whirling cloud,Is heard the trumpets war-note proud, the trampling and the hum.And plainly and more plainly now through the gloom appears,Far to left and far to right, in broken gleams of d ark-blue light,The long array of helmets bright, the long array of spears.br/>And plainly and more plainly, above that glimmering line,Now might ye see the banners of twelve fair cities shine;But the banner of proud Clusium was highest of them all,The terror of the  Umbrian; the terror of the Gaul.And plainly and more plainly now might the burghers know,By port and vest, by horse and crest, each warlike Lucumo.There Cilnius of Arretium on his fleet roan was seen;And Astur of the four-fold shield, girt with the brand none else may wield,Tolumnius with the belt of gold, and dark Verbenna from the holdBy reedy Thrasymene.Fast by the royal standard, oerlooking all the war,Lars Porsena of Clusium sat in his ivory car.By the right wheel rode  Mamilius, prince of the Latian name,And by the left false Sextus, who wrought the deed of shame.But when the face of Sextus was seen among the foes,A yell that rent the firmament from all the town arose.On the house-tops was no woman but spat tow ard him and hissed,No child but screamed out curses, and shook its little first.   But the Consuls brow was sad, and the Consuls speech was low,And darkly looked he at the wall, and darkly at the foe.Their van will be upon us before the bridge goes down;And if they once might win the bridge, what hope to save the town?Then out spoke brave  Horatius, the Captain of the Gate:To every man upon this earth, death cometh soon or late;And how can man die better than facing fearful odds,For the ashes of his fathers, and the temples of his Gods,And for the tender mother who dandled him to rest,And for the wife who nurses his baby at her breast,And for the holy maidens who feed the eternal flame,To save them from false Sextus, that wrought the deed of shame?Hew down the bridge, Sir Consul, with all the speed ye may!I, with two more to help me, will hold the foe in play.In yon strait path, a thousand may well be stopped by three:Now, who will stand on either hand and keep the bridge with me?Then out spake Spurius Lartius; a Ramnian proud was he:Lo, I will stand at thy right hand and keep the bridge with thee.And out spake strong Herminius; of Titian blood was he:I will abide on thy left side, and keep the bridge with thee.Horatius, quoth the Consul, as thou sayest, so let it be.And straight against that great array forth went the dauntless Three.br/>For Romans in Romes quarrel spared neither land nor gold,Nor son nor wife, nor limb nor life, in the brave days of old.Then none was for a party; then all were for the state;Then the great man helped the poor, and the poor man loved the great.Then lands were fairly portioned; then spoils were fairly sold:The Romans were like brothers in the brave days of old.Now Roman is to Roman more hateful than a foe,And the Tribunes beard the high, and the Fathers grind the low.As we wax hot in faction, in battle we wax cold:Wherefore men fight not as they fought in the brave days of old.Now while the Three were tightening their harness on their backs,The Consul was the foremost man to take in hand an axe:And Fathers m ixed with Commons seized hatchet, bar and crow,And smote upon the planks above and loosed the props below.Meanwhile the Tuscan army, right glorious to behold,Came flashing back the noonday light,Rank behind rank, like surges bright of a broad sea of gold.Four hundred trumpets sounded a peal of warlike glee,As that great host, with measured tread, and spears advanced, and ensigns spread,Rolled slowly towards the bridges head where stood the dauntless Three.br/>The Three stood calm and silent, and looked upon the foes,And a great shout of laughter from all the vanguard rose:And forth three chiefs came spurring before that deep array;To earth they sprang, their swords they drew, and lifted high their shields, and flewTo win the narrow way;Aunus from green Tifernum, Lord of the Hill of Vines;And Seius, whose eight hundred slaves sicken in Ilvas mines;And Picus, long to Clusium vassal in peace and war,Who led to fight his Umbrian powers from that grey crag where, girt with towers,The for tress of Naquinum lowers oer the pale waves of Nar.Stout Lartius hurled down Aunus into the stream beneath:Herminius struck at Seius, and clove him to the teeth:At Picus brave Horatius darted one fiery thrust;And the proud Umbrians golden arms clashed in the bloody dust.Then Ocnus of Falerii rushed on the Roman Three;And Lausulus of Urgo, the rover of the sea,And Aruns of Volsinium, who slew the great wild boar,The great wild boar that had his den amidst the reeds of Cosas fen,And wasted fields, and slaughtered men, along Albinias shore.br/>Herminius smote down Aruns; Lartius laid Ocnus low:Right to the heart of Lausulus Horatius sent a blow.Lie there, he cried, fell pirate! No more, aghast and pale,From Ostias walls the crowd shall mark the track of thy destroying bark.No more Campanias hinds shall fly to woods and caverns when they spyThy thrice-accursed sail.But now no sound of laughter was heard among the foes.A wild and wrathful clamour from all the vanguard rose.Six spears len gths from the entrance halted that deep array,And for a space no man came forth to win the narrow way.But hark! the cry is Astur, and lo! the ranks divide;And the great Lord of Luna comes with his stately stride.Upon his ample shoulders clangs loud the four-fold shield,And in his hand he shakes the brand which none but he can wield.He smiled on those bold Romans a smile serene and high;He eyed the flinching Tuscans, and scorn was in his eye.Quoth he, The she-wolfs litter stand savagely at bay:But will ye dare to follow, if Astur clears the way?Then, whirling up his broadsword with both hands to the height,He rushed against Horatius and smote with all his might.br/>With shield and blade Horatius right deftly turned the blow.The blow, yet turned, came yet too nigh;It missed his helm, but gashed his thigh:The Tuscans raised a joyful cry to see the red blood flow.He reeled, and on Herminius he leaned one breathing-space;Then, like a wild-cat mad with wounds, sprang right at Asturs face. Through teeth, and skull, and helmet so fierce a thrust he sped,The good sword stood a hand-breadth out behind the Tuscans head.And the great Lord of Luna fell at that deadly stroke,As falls on Mount Alvernus a thunder-smited oak.Far oer the crashing forest the giant arms lay spread;And the pale augurs, muttering low, gaze on the blasted head.On Asturs throat Horatius right firmly pressed his heel,And thrice and four times tugged amain, ere he wrenched out the steel.And see, he cried, the welcome, fair guests, that waits you here!What noble Lucumo comes next to taste our Roman cheer?But at his haughty challenge a sullen murmur ran,Mingled of wrath, and shame, and dread, along that glittering van.br/>There lacked not men of prowess, nor men of lordly race;For all Etrurias noblest were round the fatal place.But all  Etrurias noblest felt their hearts sink to seeOn the earth the bloody corpses; in their path the dauntless Three;And, from the ghastly entrance where those bold Romans s tood,All shrank, like boys who unaware, ranging the woods to start a hare,Come to the mouth of a dark lair where, growling low, a fierce old bearLies amidst bones and blood.Was none who would be foremost to lead such dire attack?But those behind cried Forward!, and those before cried Back!And backward now and forward wavers the deep array;And on the tossing sea of steel, to and fro the standards reel;And the victorious trumpet-peal dies fitfully away.Yet one man for one moment strode out before the crowd;Well known was he to all the Three, and they gave him greeting loud.Now welcome, welcome, Sextus! Now welcome to thy home!Why dost thou stay, and turn away? Here lies the  road to Rome.Thrice looked he at the city; thrice looked he at the dead;And thrice came on in fury, and thrice turned back in dread:And, white with fear and hatred, scowled at the narrow wayWhere, wallowing in a pool of blood, the bravest Tuscans lay.br/>But meanwhile axe and lever have manfully been plied;And n ow the bridge hangs tottering above the boiling tide.Come back, come back, Horatius! loud cried the Fathers all.Back, Lartius! Back, Herminius! Back, ere the ruin fall!Back darted Spurius Lartius;  Herminius  darted back:And as they passed, beneath their feet they felt the timbers crack.But when they turned their faces, and on the further shoreSaw brave Horatius stand alone, they would have crossed once more.But with a crash like thunder fell every loosened beam,And, like a dam, the mighty wreck lay right athwart the stream:And a loud shout of triumph rose from the walls of Rome,As to the highest turret-tops was splashed the yellow foam.And, like a horse unbroken, when first he feels the rein,The furious river struggled hard, and tossed his tawny mane,And burst the curb, and bounded, rejoicing to be free,And whirling down, in fierce career, battlement, and plank, and pierRushed headlong to the sea.Alone stood brave Horatius, but constant still in mind;Thrice thirty thousand foes before, and the broad flood behind.br/>Down with him! cried false Sextus, with a smile on his pale face.Now yield thee, cried Lars Porsena, now yield thee to our grace!Round turned he, as not deigning those craven ranks to see;Nought spake he to Lars Porsena, to Sextus nought spake he;But he saw on Palatinus the white porch of his home;And he spake to the noble river that rolls by the towers of Rome.Oh Tiber, father Tiber, to whom the Romans pray,A Romans life, a Romans arms, take thou in charge this day!So he spake and, speaking, sheathed the good sword by his side,And, with his harness on his back, plunged headlong in the tide.No sound of joy or sorrow was heard from either bank;But friends and foes in dumb surprise, with parted lips and straining eyes,Stood gazing where he sank;And when above the surges they saw his crest appear,All Rome sent forth a rapturous cry, and even the ranks of TuscanyCould scarce forbear to cheer.But fiercely ran the current, swollen high by months of rain:And fast his blood was flowing; and he was sore in pain,And heavy with his armour, and spent with changing blows:And oft they thought him sinking, but still again he rose.br/>Never, I ween, did swimmer, in such an evil case,Struggle through such a raging flood safe to the landing place:But his limbs were borne up bravely by the brave heart within,And our good father  Tiber  bare bravely up his chin Curse on him! quoth false Sextus, will not the villain drown?But for this stay, ere close of day, we would have sacked the town!Heaven help him! quoth Lars Porsena, and bring him safe to shore;For such a gallant feat of arms was never seen before.And now he feels the bottom: now on dry earth he stands;Now round him throng the Fathers, to press his gory hands;And now, with shouts and clapping, and noise of weeping loud,He enters through the River-Gate, borne by the joyous crowd.They gave him of the corn-land, that was of public right,As much as two strong oxen could plough from morn till night;And they made a molten image, and set it up on high,And there it stands unto this day to witness if I lie.It stands in the Comitium, plain for all folk to see;Horatius in his harness, halting upon one knee:And underneath is written, in letters all of gold,How valiantly he kept the bridge in the brave days of old.And still his name sounds stirring unto the men of Rome,As the trumpet-blast that ca lls to them to charge the Volscian home;And wives still pray to Juno for boys with hearts as boldAs his who kept the bridge so well in the brave days of old.br/>And in the nights of winter, when the cold north winds blow,And the long howling of the wolves is heard amidst the snow;When round the lonely cottage roars loud the tempests din,And the good logs of Algidus roar louder yet within;When the oldest cask is opened, and the largest lamp is lit;When the chestnuts glow in the embers, and the kid turns on the spit;When young and old in circle around the firebrands close;When the girls are weaving baskets and the lads are shaping bowsWhen the goodman mends his armour, and trims his helmets plume,And the goodwifes shuttle merrily goes flashing through the loom;With weeping and with laughter still is the story told,How well Horatius kept the bridge in the brave days of old.

Performance Based Compensation System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2989 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Performance Based Compensation System: The corporate world has changed over the last decade. Lots of industries have been set up and lives of the workers have changed phenomenally over the years. The jobs have changed and the compensation structures have changed drastically. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Performance Based Compensation System" essay for you Create order There has been great competition among the private sector companies has grown tremendously. In this era of great rivalries, the biggest asset or the defining factor for success in any organization are the employees and the skill-sets they have acquired. The companies around the world have struggled to retain their star performers. The modern day companies also keep an eye on the star performers of their rival companies and try their best to win them over by offering lucrative salaries. The modern day companies have seen the value of individual performances in the corporate world. The modern day companies rely heavily on individual performances and there have been many instances that a single individual has changed the fortunes of the company. In today’s corporate world retaining star talent is very important and the performance of company has been directly proportional to the attrition rate of the company. The companies put extra effort in identifying key performers and ensuri ng their loyalty. In the bid to retain key performers it is very important to compensate the employees aptly. Money is one of the most important factors in motivation of employees. Companies now dole out incentives and pay packages have increased consistently over the years. It is contrary to what the pay structure was earlier. Earlier pay structure was fixed and pay was based on seniority. But nowadays no company can afford that approach in the compensation structure. The modern companies have welcomed performance based payment structure with open arms and more and more companies are shifting towards performance based compensation structure. Now the compensation structure is dynamic and salaries have lots of components. There are many performance base components like bonuses and incentives. There are many non-monetary components as well. The different types of performance based compensation are commission and piecework. Earlier, compensation was fixed and was determined by governme nt regulation and several other factors. But rising inflation has made it difficult for people across the world. They are ready to work harder in order to earn extra bucks. The company also faces a dilemma of planning the compensation structure aptly so that it does not have an adverse effect on the finances of the company. Thus planning the compensation structure is very important so that it is a profitable situation for both company and employees. It is a double edged sword for the HR department and the onus is on HR managers to frame a good compensation policy for the company. They also have to take care of the fact that all the employees are treated equally. The HR can do this in following ways: Analysing the Jobs: This includes analysing all the jobs of the company and clearly defining the tasks. The employee should be clearly told about his responsibilities and what is expected of him. Job Evaluation: This includes comparison with the rivals and analysing where the company is lacking in this department. Job Pricing: This task deals with the change in rates and planning appropriate compensation for the job. Some advantages of having a performance based compensation plan are: The biggest advantage is motivating and retaining key talents. It helps in motivating employees and keeping them interested in their work. Retaining star performers is one of the key areas of concern for any organization. There is cut-throat competition and talented employees don’t hesitate to leave the organization for greener pastures. Thus it becomes very important to retain star performers by motivating them regularly by incentives, awards and recognition. The HR department should take care of key employees by encouraging employees and solving their concerns. Positive competition amongst employees is encouraged by this system. Every employee wants to earn more rewards and recognition. Thus they strive to work harder. The company benefits as employee’s personal benefit is aligned with company’s profit. Performance based compensation system also helps in increasing the knowledge base of the employees. The employees strive to perform well and to excel in their work; they need to increase their knowledge base. Thus it motivates employees to work hard and learn new stuffs. For example, in an IT company it motivates the employees to learn new cutting edge technologies. In IT sector the technology keeps changing. Thus the employee needs to keep learning continuously. If they are rewarded for this hard work, it keeps them motivated. It increases the speed and efficiency of operations. The employees are able to complete their work with greater speed because they are motivated and strive to excel. This helps in improving the reputation of the firm and gets more clients. However, there are some disadvantages as well. The performance based compensation system backfires sometimes if not implemented properly. Some of the disadvantages are as follows: It discourages teamwork. Individuals get so obsessed about their personal performance that they ignore working in teams which is very important for success of any organization. The performance based compensation system makes the employees selfish and they forget that cooperation among the team is necessary to complete the task successfully. Most of the organizations require team work and collaboration from their employees. However performance based compensation system leads to mistrust and lack of coordination. It can reduce competitive advantage and effectiveness of the organization. It can also lead to drop in quality. The performance based compensation system makes employees obsessed with financial rewards which may lead to overlooking of quality and the processes. This is an area of concern especially in the product based companies where the quality of product is very important factor in the success of the organization. Performance also includes speed of completing the task. Sometimes, in order to earn incentives, employees tend to complete the work too quickly overlooking the quality in the process. This proves to be a major disadvantage for the organization as this leads to loss of name and business. It may promote inequality between employees. Older employees can’t match up to the speed of younger employees; however their quality of work may be better because of their experience. It may lead to favoritism and sycophancy. The performance of the employees is generally analyzed and rated by the seniors. Sometimes, this leads to office politics and favoritism and employees are evaluated on the basis of things other than their performance. This leads to a very counter-productive environment in the office as undeserving people are rewarded. The deserving employees feel left out and have no option but to leave the organization. Sometimes employee works very hard and expects rewards, which for any reason he may not get. This leads to a drop in performance in the next quarters and he is demotivated. There are numerous merits as well as demerits of the system and the HR team has a daunting task when they go about planning the compensation strategy. The strategy cannot be implemented overnight. The compensation structure has to be planned according to the organization. It has to be customised according to the needs of organization. The working conditions in different sectors are different as chalk and cheese. What works in one organization may not be of much use in other. What works in manufacturing may not work in IT sector and vice versa. The compensation strategy has to be planned accordingly and implemented with a little caution. It is the need of the hour but companies should take care that it does not lead to mistrust amongst employees. Compensation Strategy: The organizations around the world have realised the importance of performance based compensation system. They have realised that they have to shift to this method to survive in today’s corporate world. However a major change like this cannot be brought about in one day and lots of planning needs to be put into this. The strategy should be in line with the overall goal of the company which is maximising wealth. There are few factors which should be kept in mind before bringing about a change in the compensation structure are: It should add to the capital resources of the organization. It should help in long term appreciation of the capital value of money. Also the cost of the strategy is a critical factor. The cost to the organization should be low. It is not possible to invest an exorbitant amount in a strategy for any organization. It is regarded that the money is an important source of motivation. But money can motivate only till the next incentive is due. Thus the strategy should also consider other strategies apart from incentives which can keep the employees content and loyal. Implementation of value based company management system. A system should be planned and it should be clear in terms of implementation. The objectives of the strategy should be easily understandable. The objectives and goals should be clear and defined and should be achievable. Thus the compensation strategy needs to be planned with lots of care and several factors need to be considered. The employees need to be taken into confidence before bringing about the changes. Some of the important factors that are needed to be considered which are as follows: 1. Linking compensation and total business strategy: Most organizations have clearly defined goals and they know how to achieve that goal. Compensation is a tool to help to make employees move in same direction and relate to organizational policies. For example, there will be a difference between the strategies of a young, new aspiring company and an established organization. The former will award employees who will bring in new clients and expand business whereas the latter will reward quality performance. It will not think about adding small clients. Some other company may identify world-class customer service providing as its top strategic objective. It would need to reward the activities (inalla reas of the organization, not just the customer service department) that lead to outstanding customer service. The company which relies on innovation will award an employee who innovates something new. In short, the bonuses will differ from one organization to other and the parameters to measure performance will differ as well. Compensation sets the direction for the employees. In the absence of proper policy the employees don’t have a direction. Compensation strategy identifies your top strategic objectives, defining what they mean in terms of organizational behaviour and designs your compensation plan in a way that rewards and recognizes those behaviours. 2. Changing the culture and reinforcing it with compensation and rewards: A good compensation strategy alone doesn’t guarantee turn around in the fortunes. In order to achieve permanent change in behaviour, the culture and the environment should be changed as well. Then compensation should be used to reinfo rce those changes. Only dangling money in front of people, doesn’t change their behaviour for a long time. It may lead to small change but people soon go back to their old ways. One doesn’t get sustained productivity improvements unless there is a change in the culture. That involves identifying and analysing the results you want to achieve as a company, identifying the tasks and behaviours that lead to those desired results, and then designing a compensation plan to reinforce, reinstate and reward those behaviours so that they become permanently instilled in the organization. It is very important to walk the talk. Just defining organizational culture on paper and not practicing it at the top level won’t do any good. If an organization says that it values quality but rewards speedier work with lesser quality; then it is sending a wrong message to the employees. Compensation sends powerful messages to your employees about who you are as an organization; helps in building your image. It describes what you value and lays down skills and results you reward. 3. Defining the compensation policy: To implement a new policy, it is very important to define the policy clearly. It should contain clear, focused compensation policy which needs to answer some fundamental questions like: What do we want to pay for? How to pay for different jobs? How does it affect our competitive posture? How will we split the pie amongst our employees? The compensation statement should clearly specify the result the organization wants to accomplish, and the expected behaviours required to achieve those results. It should identify what exactly should the organization pay for, and how do we want to position our organization in the marketplace. The pay policy should be designed by the top management keeping in mind the views from all stake-holders. It should reflect the values of owner/CEO. It should reflect the realities of economy. It should take into consideration the realities of pricing structure and market share. It should lay a foundation for the consistent hiring and promotions. It should be competitive with the market. 4. Thinktotalcompensation: In todays fiercely competitive labour markets, compensation provides a powerful tool for attracting and retaining quality people. There are many components of the salary which gets unnoticed by the individuals. There are many components of the salary which are as follows: profit sharing housing rent allowance retirement and pension plans benefits shares or equity incentives and bonuses recognition and rewards holiday and personal time off Opportunity income (education reimbursement, professional development programmes, etc.). If you dont think, talk, market and sell total compensation, youre leaving a lot of money on the table. Talk about compensation frequently and impress upon employees that it includes a lot more than base pay. When declaring compensation for potential employees, always use total compensation, because base pay never tells the whole story and there are more factors. There are many things which are added on to the base pay. It is recommended providing employees with an annual total compensation statement which lists the complete package of rewards and recognition they receive for working in your organization. A total compensation statement comes as a positive surprise for the employees because the bottom-line number always exceeds what they normally think of as their compensation. An organization cant afford to lose employees who might get lured away by promises of a bigger base pay by other companies. An organization has to make sure that all your people understand and appreciat e the full range of compensation and benefits they enjoy in your company. An organization has to ensure that all employees appreciate all the components of the salary. It also helps when other employers try to lure your employees. They are aware about different components and ask right questions from the prospective employers. 5. Measure your return on invested payroll: It is important to measure the return on investment and analyse the results. Most companies dont even try to measure their return on compensation, leave alone determine whether it is a good one or not. To measure the return on investment, one should look at: productivity, bottom-line results, employee turnover, and ability to recruit and retain key people, morale, customer service or any number of measures. Organization should analyse the return on investment and invest in right employees. It is important to invest in right employees and ensure return on investment. It is the imperative of human resource man ager to ensure that right employees are awarded and retained. Implementation: Implementation of the plan is important factor and it needs to be taken care of. All the stakeholders are supposed to be consulted before deploying the new plan. Employee feedback should be taken into consideration before the plan is implemented. It is important to implement the plan in phases and take feedback. Feedback plays an important role in analysing the benefits and shortcomings of the plan. The top management should walk the talk and always stick to the policy. The policy change cannot be implemented in a day. It has to be brought about slowly. It is very important that the employees don’t feel left out. Various stakeholders should be taken in confidence before bringing about the change. The employees should be made aware through workshops and the policy should be clear in everyone’s mind. Otherwise, it can lead to a bad taste in employees. Also, the policy should be tailor-made according to the organization. As discussed earlier, the policy or plan which wor ks for one organization might be unsuitable for other company. After the policy has been implemented it is necessary to review the plan in quick intervals. The human resource team should get in touch with all the employees so that they get to know about their feedback. The policy should be able to retain the star performers. It is also important that a sudden implementation doesn’t affect the employees in an adverse way. It should not lead to useless cut throat competition and favouritism. It may happen that in greed of incentives, people forget the virtue of teamwork and collaboration. If it happens, the whole plan will misfire. So implementation should be such that these problems don’t occur. The policy should be goal oriented and the policy should value all star performers. Short Note: The time has arrived that we move from conventional compensation system to performance based compensation system. This is the need of the hour. The market has been witnessing a never before revolution and there is a huge demand for human capital. Thus, it becomes very important to take measures to retain our key performers. However, we should be cautious in implementing the plan. If we don’t plan it out properly it can misfire and demotivate the employees. However, if implemented properly it can benefit the organization a lot and motivate the employees. It can lead to great improvement in performance of the organization. Our attrition rates will decrease and a motivated workforce will collectively move towards achieving the goals of the organization.

Essay about Cultural Influences on Identity Development

The question we are answering is, how does culture influence identity development? By the end of this paper you would be able to conclude that no matter what the surroundings of an individual is it will have some sort of an effect on either the physical or mental aspects of an individual. In order to answer this question we must understand how identity is developed, what culture consists of and concluding how culture influences identity development. First and Foremost in order to know what motivates identity development we must understand how identity is developed. Identity development starts with infants discovering of self which continues throughout childhood and become the focus of adolescence. According to Erik Erikson the goal of†¦show more content†¦During childhood, self – awareness continues both growing and changing. Children at young Ages describe themselves in terms of observable characteristics and behaviours, including physical attributes. Between ages six and twelve, children begin to include less concrete aspects of the self in their descriptions. School aged children talk about Their feelings (â€Å"I love my cat† ) and how they fit into their social world (â€Å"I’m the best defence on my team†).The cognitive, physical and social changes of adolescence allow the teenager to develop identity that will serve as a basis for their adult lives. In relation to Erikson this part of identity development would fall s under the identity versus role confusion stage, adolescents description of self-expands to include personality traits (â€Å"I’m positive†) and attitudes (â€Å"I don’t like stuck – up people†). The emergence of abstract reasoning allows adolescents to think about the future and experiment with different identities. James Marcia a clinical and developmental psychologist also has an interpretation of identity development. He theorized that identity development involves two steps. 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Indonesia as a one of the developing country in the world is also experiencing the effects of rapid globalization. The influence of globalization on national cultures covering a variety of sectures such as cultural life that are sooner or later will affect the principle of identity and national culture of IndonesiaRead MoreCultural Identity And Well Being1321 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 2 Is there a relationship between cultural identity and well-being? Introduction This paper will weigh if there is a relationship between the psychological constructs of cultural identity and well-being. First there will be a consideration on what defines a cultural identity and how it fits in with psychological development and well-being. Followed by an explanation of different perspectives of well-being. BODY Cultural identity is a part of the psychological self-concept that expresses

Salmon Essay Example For Students

Salmon Essay What species would travel over 2000 miles just to have young and then die? Ithas been said that anyone who has not seen a wild salmon has not seen what afish should be. Salmon was the common name applied to fish characterized by anelongated body covered with small, rounded scales and a fleshy fin between thedorsal fin and tail. In this paper I will be discussing history of studyingsalmon, the life cycle, spawning and mating behaviors; which has much to do withthe total reproduction of salmon. Salmon were studied earlier than some maythink. Experiments were done by men that date back to the mid-1600s. Theseexperiments involved catching salmon in fresh water, tagging them, and thencatching them again when they return to the same place, around six months later. These experiments were doubtful and it was not until the beginning of the1900s that proof was available that the salmon returned home. (Shearer)Although usually drab in color before the breeding season, which varies with thespecies, members of the salmon family develop bright hues at spawning time. Themale, during this mating season, usually develops a hooked snout and a humpedback. In many diverse taxa, males of the same species often exhibitmultiple mating strategies. One well-documented alternative male reproductivepattern is female mimicry, whereby males assume a female-like morphology ormimic female behavior patterns. In some species males mimic both femalemorphology and behavior. We report here female mimicry in a reptile, thered-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). This form of mimicry isunique in that it is expressed as a physiological feminization. Courting malered-sided garter snakes detect a female-specific pheromone and normally avoidcourting other males. However, a small proportion of males release a pheromonethat attracts other males, as though they were females. In the field, matingaggregations of 5-17 males were observed formed around these individualattractive males, which we have termed she-males. In competitive matingtrials, she-males mated with females significantly more often than did normalmales, demonstrating not only reproductive competence but also a possibleselective advantage to males with this female-like pheromone. In thecompetitive mating trials, the she-males were successful in 29 out of 42 trials. The normal males won out in only 13! The authors ask the question: Why arentall males she-males given such an advantage? (Mason, Robert T., and Crews,David; Female Mimicry in Garter Snakes, Nature, 316:59, 1985.)Comment. Among the fishes, bluegills and salmon (and probably many others) havefemale-appearing males competing with normal males. Abstract: The influence ofsperm competition and individual mating behaviour in an externally fertilizingspecies of fish, the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), is estimated from videoobservations of multiple-male spawnings and subsequent paternity analyses. Onemale dominated the paternity during polygamous spawnings, fathering more than80% of the progeny in a single nest. Behavioural analyses of the spawningsshowed that the first-mating male had sperm precedence in 6 out of 10 cases. Inthree of the other spawnings, sperm limitation likely influenced individualsuccess, as the first-mating male had participated in a large number ofspawnings. In the fina l, nearly simultaneous spawning, male size was moreimportant than the 0.6-s difference in spawning times. Thus, male fertilizationsuccess can be influenced by a variety of factors, including sperm precedence,male size, and spawning history. Back to Table of Contents Before mating, oneparent excavates a nest for the eggs; after the eggs are deposited andfertilized, the female stirs up the stream bottom so that earth and stones coverthe eggs and protect them. The eggs hatch in two weeks to six months, dependingon the species and the water temperature. During the migrations andnest-building activity that precede mating, neither the females nor the malesconsume food. In the life cycle of the pacific salmon, nature recycles theparents to feed the babies. Mature salmon leave the Pacific Ocean as saltwaterfish, never again to eat as they battle their way up the Columbia River to spawnin the home stream where they were born. Those born in the upper reaches of theColumbia Rivers tributary st ream, the Snake River, travel more than 1,000 milesinland to lay their eggs and fertilize them, roughly one fourth of the distanceacross the United States. Without enough reserves in their bodies to get back tothe Pacific, the adult salmon spawn and die. To spawn, a female salmon scoops anest in stream-bottom gravel by waving her tail and deposits her eggs in thehole. The male releases milt (sperm) into the water that covers the eggs andfertilizes them. Then the female brushes gravel over the eggs, and both parentslie exhausted in the stream until they die. Micro-organisms in the waterdecompose their bodies during the winter, and this process increases thepopulation of micro-organisms in the stream. Come spring, the salmon eggs hatchinto the tiny fish called fry. The first food is the microorganismsin the stream. The Pacific salmon never see their parents, but are actuallynourished by their decomposed bodies. The next step in growth isfingerlings, then young salmon make the dangerou s trip downstream,past dams and waterfalls to the ocean. There they grow into adults, averagingsix pounds in weight. In its life cycle, the pacific salmon takes five forms andsizes: a pea-sized egg, one-half-inch embryo, one- to three-inch fry, four- tofive-inch fingerling, and fully grown, six-pound adult one to two feet long. Women Rights | | EssayBibliography1. Mills, Derek. (1989). Ecology and Management of Atlantic Salmon. NewEngland, New York: Chapman and Hall. 2. Shearer. (1978). The Atlantic Salmon. New York: Halsted Press form 3. Cone, J., ; Ridlington, S. (Eds.). (1996)The Northwest Salmon Crisis: A documentary History. Corvallis, Oregon: OregonState University Press.